下面介绍下在centos下硬件信息的查看，在Linux下查看需要用到各种命令，不像Windows上可以非常直观地看到。
查看所有硬件的信息
1)dmidecode
2)dmesg
Dmidecode 这款软件允许你在 Linux 系统下获取有关硬件方面的信息。Dmidecode 遵循 SMBIOS/DMI 标准，其输出的信息包括 BIOS、系统、主板、处理器、内存、缓存等等。
一般很少用这两个命令直接查看，因为这两个命令输出的信息非常多。一般会使用管道过滤出多需要的信息进行查看或通过-t选择指定的硬件查看信息。例如：
[root@baby-centOS ~]# dmidecode | grep -i cpu
Socket Designation: CPU 1
Version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-2410M CPU @ 2.30GHz
Internal Reference Designator: J2B3 - CPU FAN
Description: CPU Internal Temperature
查看当前系统的版本，若是redhat，则查看的文件是/etc/redhat-release
[root@baby-centOS ~]# cat /etc/centos-release
CentOS release 6.5 (Final)
查看当前系统是32位还是64位的
[root@baby-centOS ~]# getconf LONG_BIT
64
CPU
1）通过lscpu查看cpu的统计信息
[root@baby-centOS ~]# lscpu
Architecture: x86_64 #cpu架构
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 4 #逻辑cpu数
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3
Thread(s) per core: 2 #每个核心支持2个线程
Core(s) per socket: 2 #每颗cpu两个核心
Socket(s): 1 #总共一颗cpu
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel #cpu生产厂商
CPU family: 6
Model: 42
Stepping: 7
CPU MHz: 800.000
BogoMIPS: 4589.75
Virtualization: VT-x #支持cpu虚拟化技术
L1d cache: 32K
L1i cache: 32K
L2 cache: 256K #2级缓存
L3 cache: 3072K #3级缓存
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
2）/proc/cpuinfo文件中可以看到cpu的型号和最高频率
[root@baby-centOS ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 42
model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-2410M CPU @ 2.30GHz
stepping : 7
cpu MHz : 800.000
cache size : 3072 KB
......
3）也可以通过dmicecode命令通过-t选项指定cpu类型来查看（有更详细的信息）
[root@baby-centOS ~]# dmidecode -t processor
# dmidecode 2.11
SMBIOS 2.6 present.
Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 42 bytes
Processor Information
Socket Designation: CPU 1
Type: Central Processor
Family: Core i5
Manufacturer: Intel
ID: A7 06 02 00 FF FB EB BF
Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 42, Stepping 7
Flags:
FPU (Floating-point unit on-chip)
VME (Virtual mode extension)
DE (Debugging extension)
PSE (Page size extension)
TSC (Time stamp counter)
MSR (Model specific registers)
PAE (Physical address extension)
MCE (Machine check exception)
CX8 (CMPXCHG8 instruction supported)
APIC (On-chip APIC hardware supported)
SEP (Fast system call)
MTRR (Memory type range registers)
PGE (Page global enable)
MCA (Machine check architecture)
CMOV (Conditional move instruction supported)
PAT (Page attribute table)
PSE-36 (36-bit page size extension)
CLFSH (CLFLUSH instruction supported)
DS (Debug store)
ACPI (ACPI supported)
MMX (MMX technology supported)
FXSR (FXSAVE and FXSTOR instructions supported)
SSE (Streaming SIMD extensions)
SSE2 (Streaming SIMD extensions 2)
SS (Self-snoop)
HTT (Multi-threading)
TM (Thermal monitor supported)
PBE (Pending break enabled)
Version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-2410M CPU @ 2.30GHz
Voltage: 1.1 V
External Clock: 100 MHz
Max Speed: 2300 MHz
Current Speed: 2300 MHz
Status: Populated, Enabled
Upgrade: Other
L1 Cache Handle: 0x0005
L2 Cache Handle: 0x0006
L3 Cache Handle: 0x0007
Serial Number: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Asset Tag: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Part Number: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Core Count: 2
Core Enabled: 1
Thread Count: 2
Characteristics:
64-bit capable
内存
查看内存情况
1)
[root@baby-centOS ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 3739 224 3514 0 15 79
-/+ buffers/cache: 129 3609
Swap: 4095 0 4095
2)
[root@baby-centOS ~]# cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 3828868 kB
MemFree: 3599240 kB
Buffers: 16096 kB
Cached: 80956 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Active: 44676 kB
Inactive: 74332 kB
Active(anon): 22288 kB
Inactive(anon): 424 kB
Active(file): 22388 kB
Inactive(file): 73908 kB
......
3)通过dmicecode命令通过-t选项指定memory来查看
[root@baby-centOS ~]# dmidecode -t memory
# dmidecode 2.11
SMBIOS 2.6 present.
Handle 0x001D, DMI type 16, 15 bytes
Physical Memory Array
Location: System Board Or Motherboard
Use: System Memory
Error Correction Type: None
Maximum Capacity: 16 GB
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Number Of Devices: 2
Handle 0x001E, DMI type 17, 28 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x001D
Error Information Handle: 0x0000
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM_A
Bank Locator: BANK 0
Type: Unknown
Type Detail: None
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: Not Specified
Serial Number: Not Specified
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Part Number: Not Specified
Rank: Unknown
Handle 0x001F, DMI type 17, 28 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x001D
Error Information Handle: 0x0000
Total Width: 64 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 4096 MB
Form Factor: SODIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM_B
Bank Locator: BANK 2
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: 1333 MHz
Manufacturer: 80CE
Serial Number: 21255F39
Asset Tag: 01112100
Part Number: M471B5273DH0-CH9
Rank: Unknown
上面显示了最大支持的内存大小：16G，一共有两个内存插槽，用了一个。以及内存的详细信息，包括内存类型，位宽，大小，频率.......
磁盘
[root@baby-centOS ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 200M 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 30G 0 part /usr
├─sda3 8:3 0 5G 0 part /
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda6 8:6 0 30G 0 part /usr/local
├─sda7 8:7 0 20G 0 part /var
├─sda8 8:8 0 10G 0 part /home
├─sda9 8:9 0 10G 0 part /tmp
└─sda10 8:10 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
可以看到各个分区的大小及挂载情况，比较直观，若要观察某个分区上的文件系统情况，可使用tune2fs -l /dev/sdax，当然这个不是硬件级别的查看了。
[root@baby-centOS ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sda5
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: 273a5dca-3d41-47e0-b48b-ebd7a1ae98ed
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
......
若要查看更详细的硬盘和分区信息：
[root@baby-centOS ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00032c3d
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 26 3942 31457280 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 3942 4595 5242880 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 4595 60802 451480576 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 4595 11122 52428800 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 11123 15039 31457280 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 15039 17650 20971520 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 17650 18955 10485760 83 Linux
/dev/sda9 18955 20261 10485760 83 Linux
/dev/sda10 20261 20783 4194304 82 Linux swap / Solaris
查看各分区的使用情况：
[root@baby-centOS ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 5.0G 377M 4.4G 8% /
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 194M 31M 153M 17% /boot
/dev/sda5 50G 775M 46G 2% /data
/dev/sda8 9.9G 151M 9.2G 2% /home
/dev/sda9 9.9G 151M 9.2G 2% /tmp
/dev/sda2 30G 5.0G 24G 18% /usr
/dev/sda6 30G 173M 28G 1% /usr/local
/dev/sda7 20G 2.3G 17G 12% /var
网卡
通过lspci查看pci设备，通过管道过滤就可以找到网卡信息
[root@baby-centOS ~]# lspci | grep -i net
05:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller (rev 05)
09:00.0 Network controller: Intel Corporation Centrino Wireless-N 1030 [Rainbow Peak] (rev 34)
Ethernet controller是有线网卡，Network controller是无线网卡。
可以用ethtool命令查看某个网络接口的详细信息
[root@baby-centOS ~]# ethtool p1p1
Settings for p1p1:
Supported ports: [ TP MII ]
Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
Supported pause frame use: No
Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
Advertised pause frame use: Symmetric Receive-only
Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
Link partner advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
Link partner advertised pause frame use: Symmetric
Link partner advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
Speed: 100Mb/s
Duplex: Full
Port: MII
PHYAD: 0
Transceiver: internal
Auto-negotiation: on
Supports Wake-on: pumbg
Wake-on: g
Current message level: 0x00000033 (51)
drv probe ifdown ifup
Link detected: yes
加上-i可查看网卡驱动：
[root@baby-centOS ~]# ethtool -i p1p1
driver: r8169 #这个就是驱动程序
version: 2.3LK-NAPI
firmware-version: rtl_nic/rtl8105e-1.fw
bus-info: 0000:05:00.0
supports-statistics: yes
supports-test: no
supports-eeprom-access: no
supports-register-dump: yes
supports-priv-flags: no
若要查看所有的网络接口（ip link show,ifocnfig -a）：
[root@baby-centOS ~]# ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: p1p1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 18:03:73:66:66:ee brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: wlan0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN qlen 1000
link/ether ac:72:89:04:ea:84 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@baby-centOS ~]# ifconfig
br0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 18:03:73:66:66:EE
inet addr:192.168.0.165 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::1a03:73ff:fe66:66ee/64 Scope:Link
.......
查看所有pci设备信息（-v[详细信息]，-vv[更详细信息]）：
[root@baby-centOS ~]# lspci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family DRAM Controller (rev 09) #主板芯片
00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200/2nd Generation Core Processor Family PCI Express Root Port (rev 09)
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 09)
00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #1 (rev 04)
00:1a.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #2 (rev 05) #usb控制器
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family High Definition Audio Controller (rev 05) #声卡
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev b5) #pci插槽
00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 2 (rev b5)
00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev b5)
00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 5 (rev b5)
00:1c.7 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 8 (rev b5)
00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #1 (rev 05)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation HM67 Express Chipset Family LPC Controller (rev 05)
00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family 6 port SATA AHCI Controller (rev 05) #硬盘接口
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family SMBus Controller (rev 05)
01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GF108M [GeForce GT 525M] (rev a1) #显卡
01:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GF108 High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1) #声卡
05:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller (rev 05) #有线网卡
09:00.0 Network controller: Intel Corporation Centrino Wireless-N 1030 [Rainbow Peak] (rev 34) #无线网卡
0b:00.0 USB controller: NEC Corporation uPD720200 USB 3.0 Host Controller (rev 04)
[root@baby-centOS ~]# dmidecode -t af
Invalid type keyword: af
Valid type keywords are:
bios
system
baseboard
chassis
processor
memory
cache
connector
slot
也可以通过dmidecode命令指定上面的这些硬件来查看相关信息！！！
